Effective factors on gene transferring to sorrel were considered. Agrobacterium, strain LBA4404 containing pBI121 plasmid, and different concentrations and inoculation time using leaf explants were used for evaluation of the gus gene transformation. Culture of leaf segments on MS medium containing 1.5 mg/l BAP and 0.75 mg/l IAA and kanamycin  concentrations (0, 10, 25, 50 75 and 100 mg/l) showed that 25 mg/l kanamycin inhibited callus production and plant regeneration and it was determined as the effective kanamycin level in selection medium. Effects of Agrobacterium concentration (OD= 0.2, 0.6 and 1) with different inoculation duration were studied. For this purpose leaf explants were inoculated with Agrobacterium suspension having pBI121 plasmid containing the gus gene. After co-cultivation the explants were transferred on regeneration medium containing 500 mg/l carbenicilin, 200 mg/l cefotaxim and 25 mg/l kanamycin. GUS assay showed the successful transfer of this gene in regenerated plants under OD= 0.2, 0.6 and 2 minute inoculation duration.  

Study of genes involved in flower formation could help to increase our understanding of floral organ identity mechanisms. In this research, the expression pattern of four MADS-, box gene family including RaA2, RaB17. RaG24 and RaK17 isolated from the dioecious plant Rumex acetosa was studied. RNA extracted from different tissues (inflorescence, stem, leaf and root) of male and female plants, was used for Northern blot analysis. RaA2 and RaB17 genes are expressed in reproductive organs but RaG2-1 and Ra K17 genes were shown to be expressed in both vegetative and reproductive organs. Alignment of their deduced proteins with other known MADS box proteins showed that they are belongs to distinct subfamily groups. The proteins of RaA2 and RaB17 genes showed the highest similarity to MADS proteins from Malus dotnestica and CMB I from Diantus caryophyllus, respectively. The proteins of RaG24 and Ra K17 genes have the highest similarity to TDR3 protein from Lycopersicon esculentum and MADS5 protein from Betula pendula and POTMI protein from Solanum tuberosum which are expressed in both vegetative and reproductive phases. In Southern blot analysis, there is a difference in hybridisation pattern between male and female. The simple pattern of hybridisation indicated that there is a single copy and small gene family of each gene in the genome.

Sorrel (Rumex acetosa L.) is a perennial species, being used as a model plant in molecular genetic studies of sex determination, because of several characteristics such as dioecy, sex chromosomes and short life cycle it is In this study regeneration potentials of different tissues such as cotyledon, hypocotyl, leaf, petiole and flowering stem cultured on media containing different cytokinin and auxins combinations are presented. The results showed callus induction in cultured tissues on media containing auxins. Tissues cultured on media containing cytokinins alone or in combinations with auxins showed regeneration response. The highest regeneration rate 100% was obtained from stem segments cultured on medium containing 1 mg/l TDZ. Leaf and petiole after stem had regeneration rate of 35% and 40 % on medium containing 1 mg/l TDZ and 0.75 mg/l IAA and NAA. The highest number of regenerates per explants was 8.8 using stem segments cultured on medium containing TDZ. Histological observations showed that regenerated shoots originated from the cells in the area of the vascular tissues. Regenerated shoots rooted on medium without hormone and plants produced seeds after growth in glasshouse conditions.

Sorrel [Rumex acetosa L. (Polygonacea)] is a dioecious perinnial species which is being used as a model plant in sex determination molecular genetic studies. In this study for determination of the most suitable explant and medium for regeneration in this species, explants from different organs such as leaf, petiol, cotyledon, hypocotyle and root were cultured on Murashing and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with vitamins, 2% sucrose, 0.8% agar and different compositions of hormons. Auxins; IAA, NAA and cytokenins; Zeatin, BAP, TDZ and Kinetin as well as IAA and BAP with Gibberllic Acid were added to culture media. Experiments were carried out as factorial in completely randomized design. Callus induction and regeneration from explants were evaluated. The most suitable explants and medium for regeneration were leaf and MS medium supplemented with 0.75 mgl-1 IAA and 1.5 mgl-1 BAP, respectively. The highest callus induction and regeneration was obtained from the leaf explants at the rate of 100% and 81%, respectively. Regenerates from the leaf explants on this medium had proliferated status. Histological studies confirmed that the origin of regeneration was from active and condensed cells that had developed from central parts of callus followed by marginal cells to form single or proliferated primordial. These results suggest new, simple, short and efficient regeneration method in this model species which can be used in genetic studies and gene transformation.

Sorrel (Rumex asetosa L. ) is a dioecous plant which could be used as a model plant to study genes involved in floral parts formation. Optimizing tissue culture and regeneration in this plant is necessary in order to identify the role of such genes. Therefore effects of different explants and hormone components of the media culture were studied in sorrel. MS medium was chosen as the basic medium and the effects of various concentrations of auxins IAA and NAA, cytokinins BAP and TDZ on three types of explants, petiol, leaf base and leaf blade were studied for plant regeneration. The results indicated that using leaf base fragments as explants on a MS media containing 0.5 mg 1-1 NAA, 3 mg 1-1 BAP, 3% saccarose and 0.7 mg 1-1 had the highest shoot regeneration rate (32%). Using 0.5 mg 1-1 TDZ also showed the same result. This study was performed in 2005 at the laboratory complex of Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch.

Sorrel (Rumex acetosa) is a nutritionally valuable leafy vegetable recognized for its high ascorbic acid, antioxidants. This study examines the effects of water sources and light treatments on sorrel growth in a vertical hydroponic system using a factorial experiment with three replications. Water treatments included distilled water (DW), quantum water (QW) and hybrid water (HW) produced through cold plasma exposure and magnetization. Light treatments involved natural greenhouse light (AL) and supplemental LED (SL). Results revealed that hybrid water combined with supplemental LED light (SL + HW) significantly enhanced vegetative parameters, including water use efficiency, chlorophyll index, and relative water content. The highest plant height (21 cm) was observed in the AL + HW treatment (27% more than control), while SL + HW has the highest root fresh weight (6.7 g). vegetative yield peaked in SL + QW and AL + QW treatments (with a 40% increase compared to the control(. Treatments SL + QW and SL + HW have the most Net photosynthesis rates (18.3 and 17.4 μmol CO₂ m⁻² s⁻¹, 47% increase compared to the control). Conversely, nitrate levels were highest in DW + AL treatments, while nitrate reductase activity was maximized in SL + HW. These findings highlight the importance of water quality and light conditions in optimizing sorrel growth in hydroponic . The SL + HW combination demonstrated the strongest effects on growth and quality, while QW paired with supplemental light also showed significant benefits. This approach supports sustainable hydroponics in water-scarce regions, ensuring reliable food production.

Polygonum and rumex are genera of polygonaceae family, and widely distributed in Kerman province. There are some doubtful points in taxonomy of both genera. We attempted to investigate morphological and chemical characters by statistical analysis. Specimens were collected form their natural habitats in Kerman province. Thirty six morphological characters were studied by cluster analysis. The results support recognition of two sections, Polygonum and persicaria, in genus polygonum. Polygonum minus is placed in sect. Persicaria and isolated from other species of section polygonum. Mean while the existence of two subgenera, Acetosa and Rumex, in genus Rumex was confirmed. Flavonoides were studied by two dimensional paper chromatography and data was analysed by cluster analysis. Herbaceous and woody species showed different flavonoid patterns. Again Polygounm minus is isolated from other species and existence of two sub genera, Acetosa and Rumex in genus Rumex is supported by flavonoides. Therefore, the results obtained by chemical studies are mostly in accordance with morphological studies and confirm the existing classification.